ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine

ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine

Oxford University Press ESC logo
 

Contributors

  • Stephan Achenbach
    Department of Cardiology, University of Erlangen,
    Erlangen, Germany.
    Chapter 6
  • Ibrahim Akin
    Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Intensive
    Care Unit, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
    Chapter 31
  • Tonje A. Aksnes
    Department of Cardiology, Ullevaal University Hospital,
    Oslo, Norway.
    Chapter 13
  • Stefan Anker
    Department of Cardiology, Division of Applied Cachexia
    Research, Charite, Campus Virchow-Klinikum,
    Berlin, Germany.
    Chapter 23
  • Jean-Pierre Bassand
    Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Jean
    Minjoz, Besancon, France.
    Chapter 16
  • Cristina Basso
    Associate Professor, Cardiovascular Pathology,
    Department of Medical-Diagnostic Sciences and Special
    Therapies, University of Padua Medical School,
    Padua, Italy.
    Chapters 20 and 32
  • Jeroen J. Bax
    Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical
    Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
    Chapter 3
  • Juan Benezet
    Department of Cardiology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz –
    CAPIO, Madrid, Spain.
    Chapter 28
  • Jean-Jacques Blanc
    Departement de Cardiologie, Hopital de la Cavale Blanche,
    CHU de Brest, Brest Cedex, France.
    Chapter 26
  • Giacomo G. Boccuzzi
    Unità di Cardiologia Invasiva, Ospedale San Giovanni
    Bosco, Torino, Italy.
    Chapter 33
  • Michael Böhm
    Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care
    Medicine, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes,
    Homburg/Saar, Germany.
    Chapter 15a
  • Henri Bounameaux
    Professor of Medicine and Director of Division of
    Angiology and Homeostasis, University Hospital of
    Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
    Chapter 37
  • Pascal Bousquet
    Professor of Pharmacology, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie
    et Pharmacologie Cardiovasculaire, Faculté de Médecine,
    Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
    Chapter 11
  • Günter Breithardt
    Emeritus Professor of Medicine and Cardiology, Hospital
    of the University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
    Chapter 30
  • Michele Brignole
    Head of Department, Arrhythmologic Centre, Department
    of Cardiology, Ospedali del Tigullio, Lavagna, Italy.
    Chapter 26
  • Harry R. Büller
    Professor and Chair, Department of Vascular Medicine,
    University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    Chapter 37
  • Paolo G. Camici
    Professor of Cadiovascular Pathophysiology, Imperial
    College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital,
    London, UK.
    Chapters 7 and 17
  • A. John Camm
    British Heart Foundation Professor of Clinical Cardiology,
    Head of the Division of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences,
    St. George’s University of London, London, UK.
    Chapter 29
  • Fausto Castriota
    GVM Hospitals of Care and Research, Interventional
    Cardio Angiology Unit, Cotignola (RA), Italy.
    Chapter 36
  • Domenico Corrado
    Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of
    Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of
    Padua, Padova, Italy.
    Chapter 32
  • Francesco Cosentino
    Division of Cardiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine,
    University ‘La Sapienza’, Ospedale Sant’Andrea,
    Rome, Italy.
    Chapter 14
  • Francisco G. Cosío
    Chief Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitario
    de Getafe, Madrid, Spain.
    Chapter 2
  • Filippo Crea
    Professor of Cardiology, Director, Institute of Cardiology,
    Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
    Chapter 17
  • Alberto Cremonesi
    GVM Hospitals of Care and Research, Interventional
    Cardio Angiology Unit, Cotignola (RA), Italy.
    Chapter 36
  • Jean Dallongeville
    Service d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, INSERM 744,
    Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.
    Chapter 12
  • Werner G. Daniel
    Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Erlangen,
    Erlangen, Germany.
    Chapters 4 and 22
  • Estêvão Carvalho de Campos Martins
    GVM Hospitals of Care and Research, Interventional
    Cardio Angiology Unit, Cotignola (RA), Italy.
    Chapter 36
  • Raffaele De Caterina
    Director of University Cardiology Division, Università
    degli, Studi di Chieti G D’Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
    Chapter 17
  • Pim J. de Feyter
    Department of Cardiology and Radiology, Erasmus
    Medical Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam,
    The Netherlands.
    Chapter 6
  • John E. Deanfield
    Head of Cardiothoracic Unit, Institute of Child Health,
    University College London, London, UK.
    Chapter 10
  • Johan Denollet
    Professor of Medical Psychology, Department of Medical
    Psychology and Neuropsychology, Center of Research on
    Psychology in Somatic diseases (CoRPS), Tilburg,
    The Netherlands.
    Chapter 35
  • Carlo Di Mario
    Royal Brompton Hospital & Imperial College,
    London, UK.
    Chapter 8
  • Nicolas Diehm
    Swiss Cardiovascular Center,
    Division of Clinical and Interventional
    Angiology, Inselspital, University of Bern,
    Switzerland.
    Chapter 36
  • Hans-Christoph Diener
    Department of Neurology and Stroke Center,
    University Hospital Essen, Germany.
    Chapter 15a
  • Robert Dion
    Head of Cardiac Surgery, ZOL–Campus St-Jan,
    Genk, Belgium.
    Chapter 21
  • Lars Eckardt
    Professor and Head of Department of
    Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology
    and Angiology, University of Münster,
    Münster, Germany.
    Chapter 30
  • Holger Eggebrecht
    Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart Center
    Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
    Chapter 31
  • Raimund Erbel
    Head of Cardiology, University of Essen,
    Essen, Germany.
    Chapter 31
  • Sabine Ernst
    Consultant Cardiologist, Royal Brompton and Harefield
    Hospital, London, UK.
    Chapter 29
  • Robert H. Fagard
    Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit,
    Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of
    Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
    Chapter 13
  • Gianluca Faggioli
    Department of Vascular Surgery, Alma Mater Studiorum,
    University of Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi,
    Bologna, Italy.
    Chapter 36
  • Jerónimo Farré
    Professor and Chairman, Department of Cardiology,
    Fundación Jiménez Diaz – Capio, Universidad Autonoma
    de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
    Chapter 28
  • Frank A. Flachskampf
    Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Erlangen,
    Erlangen, Germany.
    Chapters 4 and 22
  • Pietro Francia
    Division of Cardiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine,
    University ‘La Sapienza’, Ospedale Sant’Andrea,
    Rome, Italy.
    Chapter 14
  • Nazzareno Galiè
    Pulmonary Hypertension Center, Institute of
    Cardiology, Bologna University Hospital, Bologna,
    Italy.
    Chapter 24
  • Roy Gardner
    Golden Jubilee, West of Scotland Heart Centre,
    Glasgow, UK.
    Chapter 23
  • Mauro Gargiulo
    Department of Vascular Surgery, Alma Mater Studiorum,
    University of Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi,
    Bologna, Italy.
    Chapter 36
  • Stephan Gielen
    Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Leipzig
    – Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine/
    Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany.
    Chapter 25
  • Christianne J.M. Groot
    Gynaecologist/Obstetrician, Department of Obstetrics and
    Gynaecology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The
    Netherlands.
    Chapter 33
  • Roger Hall
    Professor of Cardiology, University of East Anglia;
    Consultant Cardiologist, Norfolk and Norwich University
    Hospital; Visiting Professor of Cardiology, Imperial
    College School of Medicine; Honorary Consultant
    Cardiologist, Hammersmith Hospital, UK.
    Chapter 1
  • Rainer Hambrecht
    Professor of Medicine, Medical Director, Klinikum Links
    der Weser, Department of Cardiology and Angiology,
    Bremen, Germany.
    Chapter 25
  • Christian W. Hamm
    Professor of Medicine and Medical Director, Kerckhoff
    Klinik, Heart and Thorax Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
    Chapter 16
  • Axel Haverich
    Head of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Hannover,
    Hannover, Germany.
    Chapter 31
  • Otto M. Hess
    Department of Cardiology, Universitätsklinik Inselspital,
    Bern, Switzerland.
    Chapter 18
  • Guy R. Heyndrickx
    Onze Lieve Ziekenhuis Cardiovascular Center Aalst,
    Belgium.
    Chapter 8
  • Sanne Hoeks
    Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center,
    Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Chapter 34
  • Stefan Hohnloser
    Professor of Medicine and Cardiology, J.W. Goethe
    University, Department of Cardiology, Division of Clinical
    Electrophysiology, Frankfurt, Germany.
    Chapter 30
  • Steve E. Humphries
    Centre for the Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, British
    Heart Foundation Laboratories, Rayne Building, Royal
    Free and University College London Medical School,
    London, UK.
    Chapter 9
  • Bernard Iung
    Cardiologist, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France.
    Chapter 21
  • Graham Jackson
    Honorary Consultant Cardiologist, Guy’s and St Thomas’
    NHS Trust, London, UK.
    Chapter 15c
  • Demosthenes G. Katritsis
    Department of Cardiology, Athens Euroclinic, Athens,
    Greece; Cardiothoracic Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’
    Hospitals, London, UK.
    Chapter 38
  • Philipp A. Kaufmann
    Professor and Director of Cardiac Imaging, University
    Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
    Chapter 7
  • Paulus Kirchhof
    Professor, Department of Cardiology and
    Angiology, University Hospital Münster,
    German Atrial Fibrillation competence
    NETwork (AFNET), Universitätsklinikum
    Münster, Münster, Germany.
    Chapter 29
  • Sverre E. Kjeldsen
    Department of Cardiology, Ullevaal University Hospital,
    Oslo, Norway.
    Chapter 13
  • Michel Komajda
    Department of Cardiology, Pitie Salpetriere Hospital,
    University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
    Chapter 23
  • Nina Kupper
    Department of Medical Psychology and Neuropsychology,
    Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases
    (CoRPS), Tilburg, The Netherlands.
    Chapter 35
  • Gaetano A. Lanza
    Università Cattolica di Roma, Istituto di Cardiologia,
    Rome, Italy.
    Chapter 17
  • Gregory Y.H. Lip
    Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine, Haemostasis
    Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit, University
    Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
    Chapter 29
  • Massimo Lombardi
    Consultant, Head Magnetic Resonance Laboratory,
    Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research
    Council, Pisa, Italy.
    Chapter 20
  • Giuseppe Mancia
    Clinica Medica, Ospedale San Gerardo, Universita di
    Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
    Chapter 13
  • Alessandra Manes
    Pulmonary Hypertension Center, Institute of Cardiology,
    Bologna University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
    Chapter 24
  • Heinrich Mattle
    Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern,
    Bern, Switzerland.
    Chapter 15a
  • Hercules E. Mavrakis
    Senior Registrar in Cardiology, Heraklion University
    Hospital, Crete, Greece.
    Chapter 27
  • William McKenna
    Department of Cardiology, The Heart Hospital,
    London, UK.
    Chapter 18
  • John McMurray
    BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of
    Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
    Chapter 23
  • Folkert J. Meijboom
    Pediatric and GUCH Cardiologist, Departments of
    Cardiology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Medical
    Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
    Chapter 10
  • Linda G. Mellbin
    Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University
    Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Chapter 14
  • Alessandro Mezzani
    Fondatione Salvatore Maugeri, Division of Cardiology,
    Veruno, Italy.
    Chapter 25
  • Helge Möllmann
    Kerckhoff Klinik, Heart and Thorax Center,
    Bad Nauheim, Germany.
    Chapter 16
  • Laurent Monassier
    Professor of Pharmacology, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie
    et Pharmacologie Cardiovasculaire, Faculté de Médecine,
    Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
    Chapter 11
  • Angel Moya
    Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Vall
    d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
    Chapter 26
  • Barbara J.M. Mulder
    Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center,
    Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    Chapter 10
  • Carlo Napolitano
    Molecular Cardiology Laboratories, IRCCS
    Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia, Italy; and
    Cardiovascular Genetics, Leon Charney Division
    of Cardiology, Langone Medical Center, New York
    University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
    Chapter 9
  • Koen Nieman
    Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center,
    Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Chapter 6
  • Christoph A. Nienaber
    Head of Cardiology, Pulmonology and
    Intensive Care Unit, University of Rostock,
    Rostock, Germany.
    Chapter 31
  • Ambrosio Núñez
    Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitario de Getafe,
    Madrid, Spain.
    Chapter 2
  • José Palacios
    Cardiology Service, Hospital 12 de Octubre,
    Madrid, Spain.
    Chapter 2
  • Agustín Pastor
    Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitario de Getafe,
    Madrid, Spain.
    Chapter 2
  • Susanne S. Pedersen
    Associate Professor, Department of Medical Psychology
    and Neuropsychology, Center of Research on Psychology
    in Somatic diseases (CoRPS), Tilburg, The Netherlands.
    Chapter 35
  • Antonio Pelliccia
    Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Rome, Italy.
    Chapter 32
  • Dudley J. Pennell
    Professor of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung
    Institute, Imperial College; and Director, Cardiovascular
    MR Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.
    Chapter 5
  • John Pepper
    Consultant Cardiac Surgeon, Royal Brompton Hospital,
    London, UK.
    Chapter 21
  • Joep Perk
    Professor of Health Sciences, School of Human Sciences,
    University of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden.
    Chapter 12
  • Mark Petrie
    Golden Jubilee, West of Scotland Heart Centre,
    Glasgow, UK.
    Chapter 23
  • Luc Piérard
    Head of Cardiology, C.H.U. Du Sart-Tilman, Université
    de Liège – Service De Cardiologie, Liège, Belgium.
    Chapter 21
  • Nico H.J. Pijls
    Catharina University Hospital, Eindhoven,
    The Netherlands.
    Chapter 8
  • Don Poldermans
    Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center,
    Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Chapter 34
  • Sanjay Prasad
    Consultant Cardiologist, Cardiovascular Magnetic
    Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, National
    Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London,
    London, UK.
    Chapter 5
  • Francesco Prati
    San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Rome, Italy.
    Chapter 8
  • Patrizia Presbitero
    Chief of Interventional Cardiology Department,
    Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.
    Chapter 33
  • Silvia G. Priori
    Molecular Cardiology Laboratories, IRCCS Fondazione
    Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia, and Department of Cardiology
    University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; and Cardiovascular
    Genetics, Leon Charney Division of Cardiology, Langone
    Medical Center, New York University School of Medicine,
    New York, USA.
    Chapter 9
  • Frank E. Rademakers
    Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven,
    Leuven, Belgium.
    Chapter 5
  • Andrew Remppis
    Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of
    Nephrology and Cardiology, Ruperto-Carola University
    Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
    Chapter 15b
  • Eberhard Ritz
    Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of
    Nephrology and Cardiology, Ruperto-Carola University
    Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
    Chapter 15b
  • Jolien W. Roos-Hesselink
    Cardiologist, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical
    Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Chapter 33
  • Annika Rosengren
    Professor, Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska
    Academy/Sahlgrenska University Hospital,
    Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Chapter 12
  • José M. Rubio
    Director, Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiology,
    Fundación Jiménez Díaz – CAPIO, Madrid, Spain.
    Chapter 28
  • Frank Ruschitzka
    Department of Cardiology, Center for Heart Diseases,
    University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
    Chapter 15, Chapter 15a
  • Lars Rydén
    Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University
    Hospital, Stockholm.
    Chapter 14
  • Jaume Sagristà-Sauleda
    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari
    Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
    Chapter 19
  • Hugo Saner
    Professor of Medicine, Medical Director, Cardiovascular
    Prevention and Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiology,
    Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Berne,
    Switzerland.
    Chapter 25
  • Irina Savelieva
    Lecturer in Cardiology, Division of Cardiac and Vascular
    Sciences, St. George’s University of London,
    London, UK.
    Chapter 29
  • Sebastian M. Schellong
    Head of Medical Division 2, Municipal Hospital
    Friedrichstadt, Dresden, Germany.
    Chapter 37
  • Joanne D. Schuijf
    Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical
    Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
    Chapter 3
  • Heinz-Peter Schultheiss
    Professor and Director Cardiology and Pulmonology,
    University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
    Chapter 18
  • Udo P. Sechtem
    Chief, Division of Cardiology, Robert-Bosch Hospital,
    Stuttgart; and Associate Professor of Medicine and
    Cardiology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
    Chapter 5
  • Iain Simpson
    Consultant Cardiologist, Wessex Regional Cardiac Unit,
    Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, UK.
  • James Skipworth
    Centre for the Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, British
    Heart Foundation Laboratories, Rayne Building, Royal
    Free and University College London Medical School,
    London, UK.
    Chapter 9
  • Jordi Soler-Soler
    Professor of Cardiology, Universitat Autònoma de
    Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron,
    Barcelona, Spain.
    Chapter 19
  • Andrea Stella
    Department of Vascular Surgery, Alma Mater Studiorum,
    University of Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi,
    Bologna, Italy.
    Chapter 36
  • Richard Sutton
    St Mary’s Hospital and Imperial College, London, UK.
    Chapter 26
  • Karl Swedberg
    Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/
    Ostra, Goteborg, Sweden.
    Chapter 23
  • Gaetano Thiene
    Full Professor, Cardiovascular Pathology – Department
    of Medical-Diagnostic Sciences and Special Therapies,
    University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy.
    Chapters 20 and 32
  • William D. Toff
    Senior Lecturer in Cardiology, University of Leicester,
    Leicester, UK.
    Chapter 27
  • S. Richard Underwood
    Professor of Cardiac Imaging, National Heart and Lung
    Institute, Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital,
    London, UK.
    Chapter 7
  • Alec Vahanian
    Head of Cardiology, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France.
    Chapter 21
  • Marialuisa Valente
    Full Professor, Pathological Anatomy – Department
    of Medical-Diagnostic Sciences and Special Therapies,
    University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy.
    Chapter 20
  • Nico R. Van de Veire
    Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical
    Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. Chapter 3
  • Frans Van de Werf
    Professor and Head of Department of Cardiology,
    Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium.
    Chapter 16
  • Panos E. Vardas
    Professor of Cardiology, University of Crete and Head
    of the Cardiology Department, Heraklion University
    Hospital, Crete, Greece.
    Chapter 27
  • Jens-Uwe Voigt
    Professor of Cardiology, University of Leuven, Leuven,
    Belgium.
    Chapter 4
  • Ernst E. van der Wall
    Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical
    Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
    Chapter 3
  • Michael M. Webb-Peploe
    Cardiothoracic Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals,
    London, UK.
    Chapter 38
  • Hein J.J. Wellens
    Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht,
    The Netherlands.
    Chapter 28
  • Robert Yates
    Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
    Chapter 10
  • Faiez Zannad
    Chairman, ESC Working Group on Pharmacology and
    Drug Therapy; Professor of Therapeutics and Cardiology,
    Director, Clinical Investigation Center INSERM; Head,
    Heart Failure and Hypertension Unit, Department of
    Cardiology, CHU and University Henri Poincaré, Nancy,
    France.
    Chapter 11






Contents
Front Matter
Foreword Preface Contributors Reviewers Acknowledgement to first edition contributors Symbols and abbreviations
CHAPTER 1 The Cardiovascular History and Physical Examination 
Roger Hall and Iain Simpson
Summary Introduction History Examination Conclusion Key points Personal perspective Online resources Further reading References
CHAPTER 2 The Electrocardiogram 
Francisco G. Cosío, José Palacios, Agustín Pastor, and Ambrosio Núñez
Summary Introduction Recording the electrical activity of the heart Chamber enlargement/hypertrophy Ischaemia and infarction Conduction disturbances Pre-excitation (also see Formula Chapter 28) Primary repolarization disturbances Pericarditis and pericardial effusion An approach to ECG reading An approach to arrhythmia diagnosis Stress ECG Ambulatory ECG monitoring Implantable loop recorder Computer analysis of the ECG Personal perspective Online resources Further reading References
CHAPTER 3 Choice of Imaging Techniques 
Joanne D. Schuijf, Nico R. Van de Veire, Ernst E. van der Wall, and Jeroen J. Bax
Summary Introduction The patient with stable chest pain presenting at the outpatient clinic The patient with chronic heart failure Personal perspective Additional online material Further reading References
CHAPTER 4 Cardiac Ultrasound 
Frank A. Flachskampf, Jens-Uwe Voigt, and Werner G. Daniel
Summary Physical and technical principles of echocardiography Specific cardiovascular structures Key echocardiographic features of frequent diseases and clinical scenarios Personal perspective Additional online material Further reading References
CHAPTER 5 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 
Dudley J. Pennell, Udo P. Sechtem, Sanjay Prasad, and Frank E. Rademakers
Summary Basic principles Volumes and function Myocardial infarction and viability Ischaemia detection Acute coronary syndromes (also see Formula Chapter 16) Coronary arteries Vessel wall Cardiomyopathy Valvular heart disease Congenital heart disease (also see Formula Chapter 10) Great vessels (also see Formula Chapter 31) Pericardium (also see Formula Chapter 19) Tumours and masses Personal perspective Further reading References
CHAPTER 6 Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 
Pim J. de Feyter, Stephan Achenbach, and Koen Nieman
Summary Introduction Basics of computed tomography Clinical applications of cardiac computed tomography Personal perspective Additional online material Further reading References
CHAPTER 7 Nuclear Cardiology 
Philipp A. Kaufmann, Paolo G. Camici, and S. Richard Underwood
Summary Diagnosis of coronary artery disease Heart failure: myocardial viability and hibernation Microvascular disease (Formula Chapter 17) Personal perspective Further reading References
CHAPTER 8 Invasive Imaging and Haemodynamics 
Carlo Di Mario, Guy R. Heyndrickx, Francesco Prati, and Nico H.J. Pijls
Summary Introduction Percutaneous techniques of cardiac catheterization Haemodynamic measurements during cardiac catheterization Invasive imaging techniques and coronary morphology Functional assessment of the coronary circulation Personal perspective Further reading References
CHAPTER 9 Genetics of Cardiovascular Diseases 
Silvia G. Priori, Carlo Napolitano, Steve E. Humphries, and James Skipworth
Summary Mendelian monogenic human diseases: an overview Monogenic diseases with myocardial involvement Marfan syndrome Genetic disorders in the structurally normal heart Polygenic diseases: genetic aspects of coronary artery disease Hypertension (Formula Chapter 13) Personal perspective Online resources Further reading References
CHAPTER 10 Congenital Heart Disease in Children and Adults 
John E. Deanfield, Robert Yates, Folkert J. Meijboom, and Barbara J.M. Mulder
Summary Introduction Nomenclature Epidemiology and incidence Aetiology and prevention Fetal circulation Pathophysiology Investigation Management Grown-up congenital heart disease Common congenital cardiac malformations Personal perspective Online resources Additional online material Further reading References
CHAPTER 11 Clinical Pharmacology of Cardiovascular Drugs 
Faiez Zannad, Pascal Bousquet, and Laurent Monassier
Summary Basic concepts in clinical pharmacology Clinical trials and assessment of evidence Personal perspective Online resources Further reading References
CHAPTER 12 Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease 
Annika Rosengren, Joep Perk, and Jean Dallongeville
Summary Introduction Facts and figures about CVD in Europe Prevention strategies Population strategy Modifying CVD risk at the individual level High-risk strategy Secondary prevention Smoking Physical activity Blood pressure Nutrition Obesity and problems related to obesity Lipids Psychosocial factors Gender aspects in prevention Conclusion Personal perspective Online resources Further reading References
CHAPTER 13 Hypertension 
Sverre E. Kjeldsen, Tonje A. Aksnes, Robert H. Fagard, and Giuseppe Mancia
Summary Introduction Definition and classification of hypertension Diagnostic evaluation Therapeutic approach Personal perspective Online resources Further reading References
CHAPTER 14 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome 
Francesco Cosentino, Lars Rydén, Pietro Francia, and Linda G. Mellbin
Summary Introduction Vascular disease risk factors: from pathophysiology to clinical management Clinical presentation and management of cardiovascular disease Selected issues The metabolic syndrome Personal perspective Further reading References
CHAPTER 15 Heart and Other Organs 
Frank Ruschitzka
Introduction
CHAPTER 16 Acute Coronary Syndromes 
Christian W. Hamm, Helge Möllmann, Jean-Pierre Bassand, and Frans van de Werf
Summary Introduction Incidence and prevalence of acute coronary syndromes General risk factors for acute coronary syndromes Pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes The plaque Thrombotic response Development of myocardial infarction Diagnosis and risk stratification of acute coronary syndromes Treatment of non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes Treatment of ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes Personal perspective Online resources Further reading References
CHAPTER 17 Chronic Ischaemic Heart Disease 
Filippo Crea, Paolo G. Camici, Raffaele De Caterina, and Gaetano A. Lanza
Summary Introduction The coronary circulation Myocardial ischaemia Coronary collateral circulation Epidemiology of chronic ischaemic heart disease Assessment of angina pectoris Stable angina: diagnosis Stable angina: risk stratification Chronic stable angina: medical treatment Chronic stable angina: myocardial revascularization Other clinical manifestations of chronic ischaemic heart disease Personal perspective Additional online material Further reading References
CHAPTER 18 Myocardial Disease 
Otto M. Hess, William McKenna, and Heinz-Peter Schultheiss
Summary Definition and classification Primary myocardial disease (cardiomyopathies) Secondary myocardial diseases Personal perspective Further reading References
CHAPTER 19 Pericardial Disease 
Jordi Soler-Soler and Jaume Sagristà-Sauleda
Summary Introduction Acute pericardial syndromes Pericardial effusion Constrictive pericarditis Specific types of pericardial disease Personal perspective Additional online material Further reading References
CHAPTER 20 Tumours of the Heart 
Gaetano Thiene, Marialuisa Valente, Massimo Lombardi, and Cristina Basso
Summary Introduction Epidemiology, classification, and nomenclature Clinical presentation Diagnosis through interdisciplinary collaboration Benign tumours Benign tumours of paediatric age Other benign tumours Malignant tumours of the heart Malignant tumours of the pericardium Cardiac metastases Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and cardiotoxicity in malignant cardiac neoplasms Non-neoplastic masses Surgical treatment Personal perspective Further reading References
CHAPTER 21 Valvular Heart Disease 
Alec Vahanian, Bernard Iung, Luc Piérard, Robert Dion, and John Pepper
Summary Introduction Patient evaluation Aortic stenosis Aortic regurgitation Mitral stenosis Mitral regurgitation Tricuspid valve disease Prosthetic valve surgery Personal perspective Online resources Additional online material Further reading References
CHAPTER 22 Infective Endocarditis 
Werner G. Daniel and Frank A. Flachskampf
Summary Definition Epidemiology Pathology and pathophysiology Risk factors Causative pathogens Symptoms and signs Diagnosis Echocardiographic signs of infective endocarditis Problems in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis Prosthetic valve endocarditis Infective endocarditis in addicts of intravenous drugs Therapy Indications, timing, and type of surgery Anticoagulation Prognosis Prophylaxis and prevention Personal perspective Additional online material Further reading References
CHAPTER 23 Heart Failure 
John McMurray, Mark Petrie, Karl Swedberg, Michel Komajda, Stefan Anker, and Roy Gardner
Summary Introduction Epidemiology Aetiology: causes of heart failure Comorbidity Pathophysiology Cardiac responses to ventricular injury and reduced stroke volume Diagnosis: symptoms, signs, and investigations Treatment Heart failure with a low left ventricular ejection fraction Organization of care Education Treatment considerations related to comorbidity Devices and surgery Surgery Heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction Heart failure due to valvular heart disease Heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy Heart failure due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Acute heart failure and pulmonary oedema End-of-life considerations Acknowledgement Personal perspective Online resources Further reading References
CHAPTER 24 Pulmonary Hypertension 
Nazzareno Galiè and Alessandra Manes
Summary Definition and classification of pulmonary hypertension Pathology and pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension Genetics and epidemiology Pulmonary arterial hypertension (Group 1) Pulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease (Group 2) Pulmonary hypertension associated with lung diseases (Group 3) Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (Group 4) Personal perspective Additional online material Further reading References
CHAPTER 25 Cardiac Rehabilitation 
Stephan Gielen, Alessandro Mezzani, Rainer Hambrecht, and Hugo Saner
Summary Definition of cardiac rehabilitation within preventive cardiology Exercise testing in cardiovascular medicine Physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular diseases Exercise intolerance in cardiovascular diseases Exercise-based interventions in cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention Comprehensive rehabilitation and risk factor management Personal perspective Further reading References
CHAPTER 26 Syncope 
Michele Brignole, Jean-Jacques Blanc, Richard Sutton, and Angel Moya
Summary Definition Epidemiology Classification and pathophysiology Evaluation of a patient with T-LOC Diagnostic tests Treatment Personal perspective Further reading References
CHAPTER 27 Bradycardia 
Panos E. Vardas, Hercules E. Mavrakis, and William D. Toff
Summary Introduction Anatomy and physiology of the basic rhythm of the heart Definition of bradycardia Causes of bradycardia Clinical and electrocardiographic findings in patients with bradycardia Treatment of bradycardia Personal perspective Further reading References
CHAPTER 28 Supraventricular Tachycardias 
Jerónimo Farré, Hein J.J. Wellens, José M. Rubio, and Juan Benezet
Summary Introduction Atrial and atrioventricular junctional extrasystoles Supraventricular tachycardia Atrial tachycardia Atrial flutter Atrioventricular nodal reciprocating tachycardia Accessory pathways, pre-excitation syndromes, and their tachycardias Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome Pre-excitation due to ‘Mahaim physiology’ Concealed accessory pathways Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia Other non-paroxysmal SVT Personal perspective Further reading References
CHAPTER 29 Atrial Fibrillation 
A. John Camm, Paulus Kirchhof, Gregory Y.H. Lip, Irena Savelieva, and Sabine Ernst
Summary Epidemiology Pathophysiological changes that can cause atrial fibrillation Initial evaluation of patients with atrial fibrillation Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation Pharmacological therapy Electrical cardioversion Implantable pacemakers and defibrillators Catheter ablation of the atrioventricular node Ablation of atrial fibrillation Personal perspective Online resources Additional online material Further reading References
CHAPTER 30 Ventricular Tachycardia and Sudden Cardiac Death 
Lars Eckardt, Günter Breithardt, and Stefan Hohnloser
Summary Introduction Definitions Electrocardiographic diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia Electrophysiological mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia: clinical presentation Broad QRS complex tachycardia: clinical approach Risk stratification Therapy of ventricular tachycardias in patients with structural heart disease Catheter ablation or surgical treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias Other cardiomyopathic conditions Drug-induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias Resuscitation Conclusion Personal perspective Online resources Further reading References
CHAPTER 31 Diseases of the Aorta and Trauma to the Aorta and the Heart 
Christoph A. Nienaber, Ibrahim Akin, Raimund Erbel, and Axel Haverich
Summary Aneurysms of the thoracic aorta Dissection of the thoracic aorta Aortitis Aortic atheromatous disease: thrombotic or cholesterol emboli Traumatic rupture of the aorta Trauma to the heart Personal perspective Further reading References
CHAPTER 32 Sports and Heart Disease 
Domenico Corrado, Cristina Basso, Antonio Pelliccia, and Gaetano Thiene
Summary Introduction Classification of sports The athlete’s heart Epidemiology of sudden death in the athlete Prevention of sudden death by preparticipation screening Interpretation of the athlete’s ECG Management of athletes with cardiovascular diseases Automatic external defibrillator programme Personal perspective Further reading References
CHAPTER 33 Pregnancy and Heart Disease 
Patrizia Presbitero, Giacomo G. Boccuzzi, Christianne J.M. Groot, and Jolien W. Roos-Hesselink
Summary Cardiovascular adaptations during normal pregnancy Haemodynamic changes during pregnancy Cardiac evaluation in normal pregnancy Assessment of heart disease in pregnancy Maternal low-risk conditions Maternal high-risk conditions Congenital heart disease and pregnancy Fetal high-risk conditions Specific conditions Cardiovascular treatment during pregnancy Personal perspective Online resources References
CHAPTER 34 Non-cardiac Surgery in Cardiac Patients 
Sanne Hoeks and Don Poldermans
Summary Introduction Pathophysiology of myocardial infarction Risk stratification Non-invasive testing Invasive testing Medical therapy Revascularization Conclusion Personal perspective Further reading References
CHAPTER 35 Psychological Factors and Heart Disease 
Susanne S. Pedersen, Nina Kupper, and Johan Denollet
Summary Introduction Psychological impact of heart disease Psychological risk factors for poor prognosis Mechanisms linking psychological factors to adverse prognosis Pharmacological and behavioural interventions Clinical implications Conclusion Personal perspective Additional online material Further reading References
CHAPTER 36 Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease 
Alberto Cremonesi, Nicolas Diehm, Andrea Stella, Mauro Gargiulo, Gianluca Faggioli, Estêvão Carvalho de Campos Martins, and Fausto Castriota
Summary Peripheral arterial disease Cerebral vascular disease Renal artery stenosis Personal perspective Acknowledgement Additional online material Further reading References
CHAPTER 37 Venous Thromboembolism 
Sebastian M. Schellong, Henri Bounameaux, and Harry R. Büller
Summary Natural history Diagnosis Treatment Personal perspective Further reading References
CHAPTER 38 Occupational and Regulatory Aspects of Heart Disease 
Demosthenes G. Katritsis and Michael M. Webb-Peploe
Summary Occupational risk factors for heart disease Regulations concerning individual risk and public safety Personal perspective Acknowledgement Online resources Further reading References
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