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Symbols and abbreviations
- E
cross reference
additional online material
website
- (e)NOS
(endothelial) nitric oxide synthase
- 2D
two-dimensional
- 3D
three-dimensional
- AACVPR
American Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation
- ABCD
Appropriate Blood pressure Control in Diabetes
- ACC
American College of Cardiology
- ACCP
American College of Chest Physicians
- ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme
- ACEI
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
- ACM
all-cause mortality or alcoholic cardiomyopathy
- ACT
activated coagulation time
- ADA
American Diabetes Association
- ADH
antidiuretic hormone
- ADP
adenosine diphosphate
- AED
automated external defibrillator
- AF
atrial fibrillation
- AGE
advanced glycation end-product
- AH
atrial–His
- AHA
American Heart Association
- ALAT
alanine amino transferase
- ALT
alanine aminotransferase
- AMDG
airport metal detector gates
- AMI
acute myocardial infarction
- ANP
atrial natriuretic peptide
- Ao
aorta
- AoA
aortic orifice area
- apoB
apolipoprotein B
- apoE
apolipoprotein E
- aPTT
activated partial thromboplastin time
- AR
aortic regurgitation
- ARB
angiotensin receptor blocker
- ARR
absolute risk reduction
- ART
assisted reproductive technology
- ARVC
arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
- AS
aortic stenosis
- ASA
acetylsalicylic acid
- AST
aspartate aminotransferase
- ASD
atrial septal defect
- ASF
anterosuperior fascicle
- AST
aspartate aminotransferase
- ATP
adenosine triphosphate
- AV
atrioventricular
- AVA
aortic valve area
- AVN
atrioventricular node
- AVNRT
atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia
- AVP
arginine vasopressin
- AVSD
atrioventricular septal defect
- BAV
bicuspid aortic valve
- BB
bundle branch/es
- BIMA
bilateral internal mammary artery
- BMP
bone morphogenetic protein
- BNP
brain natriuretic peptide
- BOLD
blood oxygen level dependent
- BP
blood pressure
- BPEG
British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group
- bpm
beats per minute
- BRS
baroreflex sensitivity
- BrS
Brugada syndrome
- BSA
body surface area
- BUN
blood urea nitrogen
- CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
- CACS
coronary artery calcium scoring
- CAD
coronary artery disease
- CAM
cell adhesion molecule
- CAPD
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
- CAT
common arterial trunk
- CBT
cognitive behavioural therapy
- CCR
comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation
- CCUS
complete or comprehensive compression ultrasound
- CEA
carcinoembryonic antigen or carotid endarterectomy
- CETP
cholesteryl ester transfer protein
- CFR
coronary flow reserve
- CHD
coronary heart disease
- CHF
chronic heart failure
- CI
cardiac index or confidence interval
- CK
creatine kinase
- CKD
chronic kidney disease
- CMR
cardiac magnetic resonance
- CO
cardiac output
- COX
cyclo-oxygenase
- CPET
cardiopulmonary exercise testing
- CPK
creatine phosphokinase
- CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- CPVT
catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
- CR
cardiac rehabilitation
- CRF
conventional risk factor
- CRT
cardiac resynchronization therapy
- cSNRT
corrected sinus node recovery time
- CTPA
computed tomography pulmonary angiography
- CTPH
chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
- CUS
compression ultrasound
- CV
cardiovascular
- CVD
cardiovascular disease
- CVM
cardiovascular mortality
- CW
continuous-wave
- CYP
cytochrome P450
- DAG
dystrophin-associated glycoprotein
- DCM
dilated cardiomyopathy
- DES
drug-eluting stent
- DLCO
diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide
- DSA
digital subtraction angiography
- DSE
dobutamine stress echocardiography
- DTI
direct thrombin inhibitor
- DVT
deep vein thrombosis
- EASD
European Association for the Study of Diabetes or electronic article surveillance
- EBCT
electron-beam computed tomography
- EBM
evidence-based medicine
- ECG
electrocardiogram
- ED
end-diastolic or Emergency Department
- EDMD
Emery–Dreyfuss muscular dystrophy
- EDV
end-diastolic volume
- EEG
electroencephalogram
- EEL
external elastic lamina
- EEM
external elastic membrane
- EF
ejection fraction
- EHRA
European Heart Rhythm Association
- ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EMI
electromagnetic interference
- eNOS
endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- EPI
echo-planar imaging
- EPO
erythropoietin
- ER
European Region
- ERO
effective regurgitant orifice
- ES
end-systole or effect size
- ESC
European Society of Cardiology
- ESH
European Society of Hypertension
- ET
endothelin
- EU
Eustachian valve or European Union
- FDCM
familial dilated cardiomyopathy
- FEV1
forced expiratory volume at 1 second
- FFR
fractional flow reserve
- FH
familial hypercholesterolaemia
- FLAIR
fluid attenuated inversion recovery
- FLASH
fast low angle shot
- FPG
fasting plasma glucose
- FXaI
factor Xa inhibitor
- GFR
glomerular filtration rate
- GIK
glucose–insulin–potassium
- GORD
gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
- GUCH
grown-up congenital heart
- GWAS
genome-wide association study
- HB
His bundle
- Hb
haemoglobin
- HBE
His bundle electrogram
- HCM
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- HCTZ
hydrochlorothiazide
- HDL
high-density lipoprotein
- HELLP
haemolysis elevated liver enzymes low platelets
- HES
hypereosinophilic syndrome
- HF-PEF
heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction
- HHT
hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
- HIPA
heparin-induced platelet activation
- HIT
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
- HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
- HLHS
hypoplastic left heart syndrome
- HMG-CoA
5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A
- HPA
hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal
- HR
hazard ratio
- HRQL
health-related quality of life
- HRV
heart rate variability
- HV
His–ventricular
- ICA
internal carotid artery
- ICD
implantable cardioverter defibrillator
- IEL
internal elastic lamina
- IFG
impaired fasting glucose
- IGT
impaired glucose tolerance
- IHD
ischaemic heart disease
- IMR
index of microvascular resistance
- INR
international normalized ratio
- IPAH
idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
- IPT
interpersonal therapy
- ISH
International Society of Hypertension
- ITT
intention to treat
- IV
intravenous
- IVUS
intravascular ultrasound
- JLN
Jervell and Lange–Nielsen [syndrome]
- JVP
jugular venous pulse
- K/DOQI
Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative
- KCCQ
Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire
- LA
left atrium/atrial
- LAA
left atrial appendage
- LAD
left anterior descending
- LBB
left bundle branch
- LBBB
left bundle branch block
- LCA
left coronary artery
- LCSD
left cardiac sympathetic denervation
- LCX
left circumflex coronary artery
- LDL
low-density lipoprotein
- LDL-C
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LGE
late gadolinium enhancement
- LGMD
limb girdle muscular dystrophy
- LIMA
left internal mammary artery
- LMWH
low-molecular-weight heparin
- LOE
level of evidence
- LQTS
long QT syndrome
- LV
left ventricle/ventricular
- LVAD
left ventricular assist device
- LVEDP
left ventricular filling pressure
- LVEF
left ventricular ejection fraction
- LVH
left ventricular hypertrophy
- LVM
left ventricular mass
- LVNC
left ventricular non-compaction
- LVOT
left ventricular outflow tract
- MA
mitral annulus
- MAPCA
major aortic pulmonary collateral artery
- MAPK
mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MAS
multiple system atrophy
- MBM
mechanism-based medicine
- mcg
microgram
- MDRD
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
- MDTD
maximum daily therapeutic dose
- MFS
Marfan syndrome
- MHC
major histocompatibility complex
- MI
myocardial infarction
- MIBG
meta-iodobenzylguanidine
- MMP
matrix metalloproteinase
- MPa
megapascal
- MPA
main pulmonary artery
- MPS
myocardial perfusion scintigraphy
- MR
magnetic resonance
- MS
metabolic syndrome
- MSCT
multislice computed tomography
- MTWA
microvolt T-wave alternans
- MV
mitral valve
- MVA
mitral valve area
- MVP
mitral valve prolapse
- n-3 PUFA
omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid
- NASPE
North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology
- NFMI
non-fatal myocardial infarction
- NFS
nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
- NGAL
neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
- NHLBI
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- NIDDK
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- NM
nuclear myocardial
- NNH
number needed to harm
- NNT
number needed to treat
- NO
nitric oxide
- NOS
nitric oxide synthase
- NRT
nicotine replacement therapy
- NSAID
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- NSTE-ACS
non-ST-elevated acute coronary syndrome
- NSVT
non-sustained ventricular tachycardia
- NT-proBNP
N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide
- NYHA
New York Heart Association
- OAC
oral anticoagulation therapy
- OCT
